Refactor probnum.typing

[marvinpfoertner]

In a Nutshell

This PR refactors the global probnum.typing module, preparing it for #581.

Detailed Description

• Renamed all ...ArgTypes to ...Like types
• Removed ToleranceDiffusionType and DenseOutputLocationArgType, which are just aliases for ArrayLike
• Added documentation for all types
• Added some new API types

Related Issues and PRs

#581

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #599 (6afc3e5) into main (b69587b) will increase coverage by 0.00%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #599   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   89.38%   89.38%           
=======================================
  Files         180      180           
  Lines        6668     6670    +2     
  Branches     1025     1025           
=======================================
+ Hits         5960     5962    +2     
  Misses        479      479           
  Partials      229      229           

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/probnum/diffeq/_odesolution.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/probnum/diffeq/_odesolver.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...rc/probnum/diffeq/odefilter/_odefilter_solution.py	90.62% <100.00%> (-0.29%)	⬇️
...ter/information_operators/_information_operator.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...q/odefilter/information_operators/_ode_residual.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
.../odefilter/initialization_routines/_runge_kutta.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...c/probnum/diffeq/odefilter/utils/_problem_utils.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...turbed/scipy_wrapper/_wrapped_scipy_odesolution.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...q/perturbed/scipy_wrapper/_wrapped_scipy_solver.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...m/diffeq/perturbed/step/_perturbation_functions.py	89.47% <100.00%> (ø)
... and 49 more

[JonathanWenger]

Nice. This will be great to u ify interfaces in particular in light of the planned backends.