feat(Analysis/Calculus): define absolutely monotone functions

Mathlib.lean

@@ -1649,6 +1649,7 @@ public import Mathlib.Analysis.CStarAlgebra.Unitary.Maps
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.CStarAlgebra.Unitary.Span
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.CStarAlgebra.Unitization
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.CStarAlgebra.lpSpace
+public import Mathlib.Analysis.Calculus.AbsolutelyMonotone
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.Calculus.AddTorsor.AffineMap
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.Calculus.AddTorsor.Coord
 public import Mathlib.Analysis.Calculus.BumpFunction.Basic

Mathlib/Analysis/Calculus/AbsolutelyMonotone.lean

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/-
+Copyright (c) 2025 Michael R. Douglas. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+Authors: Michael R. Douglas
+-/
+module
+
+public import Mathlib.Analysis.Calculus.IteratedDeriv.Lemmas
+
+/-!
+# Absolutely Monotone Functions
+
+A function `f : ℝ → ℝ` is absolutely monotone on a set `s` if it is smooth on `s` and all its
+iterated derivatives within `s` are nonnegative on `s`.
+
+## Main definitions
+
+* `AbsolutelyMonotoneOn` — smooth on `s` with nonnegative iterated derivatives within `s`
+
+## Main results
+
+* Closure under `add`, `smul`, `mul`
+
+## References
+
+* [D. V. Widder, *The Laplace Transform*][widder1941]
+-/
+
+public section
+
+open Set Filter
+open scoped ENNReal NNReal Topology ContDiff
+
+/-- A function `f : ℝ → ℝ` is absolutely monotone on a set `s` if it is smooth on `s` and all
+iterated derivatives within `s` are nonnegative. -/
+structure AbsolutelyMonotoneOn (f : ℝ → ℝ) (s : Set ℝ) : Prop where
+  contDiffOn : ContDiffOn ℝ ∞ f s
+  nonneg : ∀ n : ℕ, ∀ x ∈ s, 0 ≤ iteratedDerivWithin n f s x
+
+namespace AbsolutelyMonotoneOn
+
+/-- A globally smooth function all of whose iterated derivatives are nonnegative on a set `s`
+satisfying `UniqueDiffOn` is absolutely monotone on `s`. Such sets `s` include open sets,
+`Set.Ici`, and convex sets with nonempty interior. -/
+theorem of_contDiff {f : ℝ → ℝ} {s : Set ℝ} (hs : UniqueDiffOn ℝ s)
+    (hf : ContDiff ℝ ∞ f) (h : ∀ n : ℕ, ∀ x ∈ s, 0 ≤ iteratedDeriv n f x) :
+    AbsolutelyMonotoneOn f s where
+  contDiffOn := hf.contDiffOn
+  nonneg n x hx := by
+    rw [iteratedDerivWithin_eq_iteratedDeriv hs (hf.contDiffAt.of_le (by exact_mod_cast le_top))
+      hx]
+    exact h n x hx
+
+/-! ### Basic closure properties -/
+
+theorem add {f g : ℝ → ℝ} {s : Set ℝ} (hs : UniqueDiffOn ℝ s)
+    (hf : AbsolutelyMonotoneOn f s) (hg : AbsolutelyMonotoneOn g s) :
+    AbsolutelyMonotoneOn (f + g) s where
+  contDiffOn := hf.contDiffOn.add hg.contDiffOn
+  nonneg n x hx := by
+    rw [iteratedDerivWithin_add hx hs ((hf.contDiffOn x hx).of_le (by exact_mod_cast le_top))
+      ((hg.contDiffOn x hx).of_le (by exact_mod_cast le_top))]
+    exact add_nonneg (hf.nonneg n x hx) (hg.nonneg n x hx)
+
+theorem smul {f : ℝ → ℝ} {s : Set ℝ} {c : ℝ}
+    (hf : AbsolutelyMonotoneOn f s) (hc : 0 ≤ c) :
+    AbsolutelyMonotoneOn (c • f) s where
+  contDiffOn := hf.contDiffOn.const_smul c
+  nonneg n x hx := by
+    rw [iteratedDerivWithin_const_smul_field c f]
+    exact smul_nonneg hc (hf.nonneg n x hx)
+
+theorem mul {f g : ℝ → ℝ} {s : Set ℝ} (hs : UniqueDiffOn ℝ s)
+    (hf : AbsolutelyMonotoneOn f s) (hg : AbsolutelyMonotoneOn g s) :
+    AbsolutelyMonotoneOn (f * g) s where
+  contDiffOn := hf.contDiffOn.mul hg.contDiffOn
+  nonneg n x hx := by
+    rw [iteratedDerivWithin_mul hx hs ((hf.contDiffOn x hx).of_le (by exact_mod_cast le_top))
+      ((hg.contDiffOn x hx).of_le (by exact_mod_cast le_top))]
+    exact Finset.sum_nonneg fun i _ =>
+      mul_nonneg (mul_nonneg (Nat.cast_nonneg _) (hf.nonneg i x hx)) (hg.nonneg (n - i) x hx)
+
+end AbsolutelyMonotoneOn

docs/references.bib

@@ -5750,6 +5750,15 @@ @Misc{            welzl_garter
   url           = {https://ti.inf.ethz.ch/ew/lehre/ApproxSDP09/notes/conelp.pdf}
 }
 
+@Book{            widder1941,
+  author        = {Widder, David Vernon},
+  title         = {The {L}aplace Transform},
+  year          = {1941},
+  publisher     = {Princeton University Press},
+  series        = {Princeton Mathematical Series},
+  volume        = {6}
+}
+
 @Book{            Wielandt-1964,
   title         = {Finite Permutation Groups},
   author        = {Wielandt, Helmut},