Extend the PyROS CardinalitySet to allow negative deviations

[shermanjasonaf]

Summary/Motivation:

This PR extends the family of uncertainty sets that can be represented by the PyROS CardinalitySet. The current implementation of CardinalitySet supports the family of "cardinality-constrained" or "budgeted" sets defined in Poss (2013) and Subramanyam et al (2020); for any member of that family, only positive coordinate deviations from the "origin" of the set are allowed. In contrast, cardinality-constrained sets defined in, for example, Bertsimas and Sim (2004) allow for positive and negative coordinate deviations from the origin. We therefore extend the implementation of CardinalitySet to support sets in which positive and/or negative deviations are allowed. The documentation and tests are updated to account for this extension.

AI-Use Disclosure

• AI tools were NOT used during the preparation of this PR

Notes for reviewers (optional):

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[shermanjasonaf]

@jsiirola @jas-yao @natalieisenberg

[jsiirola]

Overall, this looks good. A couple minor questions, but I don't think they are anything that would hold up the PR.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 90.12%. Comparing base (44c4697) to head (bf99cde).
⚠️ Report is 116 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

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##             main    #3969   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   90.12%   90.12%           
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  Files         909      909           
  Lines      108561   108582   +21     
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+ Hits        97836    97857   +21     
  Misses      10725    10725           

Flag	Coverage Δ
builders	29.11% <12.76%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
default	86.11% <100.00%> (?)
expensive	35.12% <12.76%> (?)
linux	87.63% <100.00%> (-1.99%)	⬇️
linux_other	87.63% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
oldsolvers	28.04% <12.76%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
osx	83.06% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️
win	85.38% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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[jsiirola]

One more question: does this need to update the changelog?