Compressed Gas H2 Storage

h2integrate/core/supported_models.py

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 from h2integrate.storage.hydrogen.h2_storage_cost import (
     PipeStorageCostModel,
     SaltCavernStorageCostModel,
+    CompressedGasStorageCostModel,
     LinedRockCavernStorageCostModel,
 )
 from h2integrate.transporters.gas_stream_combiner import GasStreamCombinerPerformanceModel
@@ -270,6 +271,7 @@
     "StoragePerformanceModel": StoragePerformanceModel,
     "StorageAutoSizingModel": StorageAutoSizingModel,
     "LinedRockCavernStorageCostModel": LinedRockCavernStorageCostModel,
+    "CompressedGasStorageCostModel": CompressedGasStorageCostModel,
     "SaltCavernStorageCostModel": SaltCavernStorageCostModel,
     "MCHTOLStorageCostModel": MCHTOLStorageCostModel,
     "PipeStorageCostModel": PipeStorageCostModel,

h2integrate/storage/hydrogen/h2_storage_cost.py

@@ -12,9 +12,21 @@
 class HydrogenStorageBaseCostModelConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Base config class for HydrogenStorageBaseCostModel.
 
-    Fields include `max_capacity`, `max_charge_rate`, `sizing_mode`, `commodity_name`,
-    `commodity_units`, `cost_year`, `labor_rate`, `insurance`, `property_taxes`,
-    `licensing_permits`, `compressor_om`, and `facility_om`.
+    Fields:
+    - `max_capacity`
+    - `max_charge_rate`
+    - `sizing_mode`
+    - `commodity_name`,
+    - `commodity_units`
+    - `cost_year`
+    - `labor_rate`
+    - `insurance`
+    - `property_taxes`,
+    - `licensing_permits`
+    - `compressor_om`
+    - `facility_om`
+    - `inlet_pressure_bar` # Update in other modesl besides comp gas?
+    - `storage_pressure_bar` - max 700 # Update in other modesl besides comp gas?
     """
 
     max_capacity: float | None = field(default=None)
@@ -33,6 +45,8 @@ class HydrogenStorageBaseCostModelConfig(BaseConfig):
     licensing_permits: float = field(default=0.001, validator=range_val(0, 1))
     compressor_om: float = field(default=0.04, validator=range_val(0, 1))
     facility_om: float = field(default=0.01, validator=range_val(0, 1))
+    inlet_pressure_bar: float = field(default=20, validator=gte_zero)
+    storage_pressure_bar: float = field(default=200, validator=range_val(0, 700))
 
     def __attrs_post_init__(self):
         undefined_capacities = self.max_capacity is None or self.max_charge_rate is None
@@ -227,8 +241,12 @@ def compute(self, inputs, outputs, discrete_inputs, discrete_outputs):
         # ============================================================================
         outlet_pressure = 200  # Max outlet pressure of lined rock cavern in [1] [bar]
         n_compressors = 2
+        comp_type = "pipeline"
         storage_compressor = Compressor(
-            outlet_pressure, system_flow_rate, n_compressors=n_compressors
+            outlet_pressure,
+            system_flow_rate,
+            n_compressors=n_compressors,
+            compressor_type=comp_type,
         )
         storage_compressor.compressor_power()
         motor_rating, power = storage_compressor.compressor_system_power()
@@ -357,8 +375,12 @@ def compute(self, inputs, outputs, discrete_inputs, discrete_outputs):
         # ============================================================================
         outlet_pressure = 120  # Max outlet pressure of salt cavern in [1] [bar]
         n_compressors = 2
+        comp_type = "pipeline"
         storage_compressor = Compressor(
-            outlet_pressure, system_flow_rate, n_compressors=n_compressors
+            outlet_pressure,
+            system_flow_rate,
+            n_compressors=n_compressors,
+            compressor_type=comp_type,
         )
         storage_compressor.compressor_power()
         motor_rating, power = storage_compressor.compressor_system_power()
@@ -501,8 +523,12 @@ def compute(self, inputs, outputs, discrete_inputs, discrete_outputs):
             compressor_output_pressure  # Max outlet pressure of underground pipe storage [1] [bar]
         )
         n_compressors = 2
+        comp_type = "pipeline"
         storage_compressor = Compressor(
-            outlet_pressure, system_flow_rate, n_compressors=n_compressors
+            outlet_pressure,
+            system_flow_rate,
+            n_compressors=n_compressors,
+            compressor_type=comp_type,
         )
         storage_compressor.compressor_power()
         motor_rating, power = storage_compressor.compressor_system_power()
@@ -546,3 +572,175 @@ def compute(self, inputs, outputs, discrete_inputs, discrete_outputs):
 
         outputs["CapEx"] = installed_capex
         outputs["OpEx"] = total_om
+
+
+class CompressedGasStorageCostModel(HydrogenStorageBaseCostModel):
+    """Capital and operational cost model for compressed gas hydrogen storage.
+
+    This model is based on HDSAM's compressed gas hydrogen storage terminal cost model, which is
+    designed for loading of trucks with compressed H2. In this model, we isolate just the parts of
+    the HDSAM that relate to filling and storage, and ignoring the costs related to truck loading.
+
+    Costs have been converted to 2018 costs to match the models above using CEPCI values in HDSAM.
+
+    References:
+        [1] HDSAM V5.5 Compressed Gas H2 Terminal: https://hdsam.es.anl.gov/index.php?content=hdsam
+    """
+
+    def compute(self, inputs, outputs, discrete_inputs, discrete_outputs):
+        """Calculate installed capital and O&M costs for lined rock cavern hydrogen storage.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: OpenMDAO inputs containing ``max_capacity`` (total capacity [kg]),
+                ``max_charge_rate`` (charge rate [kg/h]), and ``hydrogen_in``
+                (timeseries [kg/h]).
+            outputs: OpenMDAO outputs dict.
+            discrete_inputs: OpenMDAO discrete inputs dict.
+            discrete_outputs: OpenMDAO discrete outputs dict.
+
+        Sets:
+            outputs["CapEx"]: Installed capital cost in 2018 USD (including compressor).
+            outputs["OpEx"]: Annual fixed O&M in 2018 USD/yr (excluding electricity).
+        """
+
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Design inputs
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Relevant design parameters (mostly rows 32-74 of "Compressed Gas H2 Terminal" in [1])
+
+        h2_in_kg_d = units.convert_units(
+            inputs["hydrogen_in"], f"({self.config.commodity_units})", "kg/d"
+        )
+        terminal_capacity_kg_d = np.max(h2_in_kg_d)
+        storage_capacity_kg = units.convert_units(
+            inputs["storage_capacity"][0], f"({self.config.commodity_units})*h", "kg"
+        )
+        n_compressors = np.ceil(terminal_capacity_kg_d / 24 / 50)  # Cell B59
+        # Not sure where the 50 comes from in HDSAM - using rule of thumb of 1 unit per 50 kg/hr?
+        storage_compressor = Compressor(
+            compressor_type="storage",
+            p_inlet=self.config.inlet_pressure_bar,
+            p_outlet=self.config.storage_pressure_bar,
+            flow_rate_kg_d=terminal_capacity_kg_d,
+            n_compressors=n_compressors,
+        )
+
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Calculate CAPEX
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Installed capital cost per kg from rows 158-180 of "Compressed Gas H2 Terminal" in [1]
+        # Capex for compressor and storage scales with size
+        # Capex for piping, plumbing, electrical, instrumentation, and buildings is constant
+        # CEPCI data from HDSAM used to convert most costs to 2018, for those without a CEPCI index
+        # the BLS CPI calcualtor was used instead: https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
+        # "Truck Loading Compressor" and "Truck Scale" from HDSAM are not included
+
+        # Storage Compressor
+        storage_compressor.compressor_power()
+        unit_power_kw, system_power_kw = storage_compressor.compressor_system_power()
+        comp_capex_2016, _ = storage_compressor.compressor_costs()
+        comp_capex = comp_capex_2016 * 1.36013289036545 / 1.2890365448505
+        # Values taken from CEPCI table in "Feedstock & Utility Prices"
+
+        # Compressed Gas H2 Storage
+        # Currently using a linear fit between 350 and 700 bar (the two discrete HDSAM levels)
+        capex_per_kg_350_bar_2013 = 1560  # "Cost Data" row 89
+        capex_per_kg_700_bar_2013 = 2340  # "Cost Data" row 96
+        tank_capex_per_kg_2013 = (
+            capex_per_kg_350_bar_2013
+            + (capex_per_kg_700_bar_2013 - capex_per_kg_350_bar_2013)
+            * (self.config.storage_pressure_bar - 350)
+            / 350
+        )
+        tank_installation_factor = 1.3
+        capex_2013 = tank_capex_per_kg_2013 * storage_capacity_kg * tank_installation_factor
+        tank_capex = capex_2013 * 1.36013289036545 / 1.22431893687708
+
+        # Piping - simplifying a bit from HDSAM since this is a "drop in the bucket"
+        kg_d_per_pipe_m = 300  # Estimated by dividing B34 by B104 for many different values
+        pipe_length_m = terminal_capacity_kg_d / kg_d_per_pipe_m  # Simplifying calc of B104
+        pipe_capex_per_m_2005 = 300  # Using H2A "Estimate based on engineering judgement"
+        pipe_capex_2005 = pipe_length_m * pipe_capex_per_m_2005
+        pipe_capex = pipe_capex_2005 * 1.53471220137887 / 1.0
+
+        # Plumbing, electrical, instrumentation capex = "pei" - simplifying a bit from HDSAM
+        kg_d_per_bay = 1600  # Estimated by dividing B34 by B103 for many different values
+        num_bays = terminal_capacity_kg_d / kg_d_per_bay  # Simplifying calc of B103
+        pipe_capex_per_bay_2005 = 10000  # Using H2A "Estimate based on engineering judgement"
+        pei_capex_2005 = num_bays * pipe_capex_per_bay_2005
+        pei_capex = pei_capex_2005 * 2.0454178984144 / 1.0
+
+        # Buildings and structures
+        buildings_capex_2022 = 370029
+        buildings_capex = buildings_capex_2022 * 1.33340822287126 / 1.85014603459897
+
+        # Land - simplifying
+        kg_d_per_land_m2 = 4  # Estimated by dividing B34 by B192 for many different values
+        land_required_m2 = terminal_capacity_kg_d / kg_d_per_land_m2
+        land_capex_per_m2_2022 = 12.35
+        land_capex_2022 = land_required_m2 * land_capex_per_m2_2022
+        land_capex = land_capex_2022 * 0.88  # Using CPI to convert to 2018 no CEPCI for land)
+
+        # Other
+        depreciable_capex = comp_capex + tank_capex + pipe_capex + pei_capex + buildings_capex
+        site_preparation_pct = 0.05
+        engineering_design_pct = 0.1
+        project_contingency_pct = 0.1
+        licensing_pct = 0.0
+        permitting_pct = 0.03
+        owner_cost_pct = 0.12
+        total_other_capex_pct = (
+            site_preparation_pct
+            + engineering_design_pct
+            + project_contingency_pct
+            + licensing_pct
+            + permitting_pct
+            + owner_cost_pct
+        )
+        other_capex_2022 = depreciable_capex * total_other_capex_pct
+        other_capex = other_capex_2022 * 0.88  # Using CPI to convert to 2018
+
+        # Final, total installed cost:
+        installed_capex = depreciable_capex + land_capex + other_capex
+
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Calculate OPEX - NEEDS TO BE UPDATED
+        # ============================================================================
+        # Operations and Maintenance costs [1]
+
+        # Labor
+        # Base case is 2 operators, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for a 100,000 kg/day
+        # average capacity facility. Scaling factor of 0.25 is used for other sized facilities
+        # See equation on HDSAM "Cost Data" tab, row 12
+        # Cost corrected to 2018 using HDSAM "Feedstock & Utility Prices" tab, Table B3
+        system_flow_rate = terminal_capacity_kg_d
+        annual_hours = 2 * 8760 * (system_flow_rate / 100000) ** 0.25
+        labor_rate_2013 = 27.51
+        labor_rate = labor_rate_2013 * 1.29 / 1.09
+        overhead = 0.5
+        labor_om = annual_hours * labor_rate * overhead
+
+        # Other O&M
+        insurance_pct = 0.01  # "Compressed Gas H2 Terminal" tab, cell B229
+        property_taxes_pct = 0.01  # "Compressed Gas H2 Terminal" tab, cell B229
+        licensing_permits_pct = 0.001
+        comp_om_pct = 0.04
+        facility_om_pct = 0.01
+        insurance_om = insurance_pct * installed_capex
+        property_taxes_om = property_taxes_pct * installed_capex
+        licensing_permits_om = licensing_permits_pct * installed_capex
+        comp_om = comp_om_pct * comp_capex
+        facility_om = facility_om_pct * (installed_capex - comp_capex)
+
+        # O&M excludes electricity requirements
+        total_om = (
+            labor_om
+            + insurance_om
+            + licensing_permits_om
+            + property_taxes_om
+            + comp_om
+            + facility_om
+        )
+
+        outputs["CapEx"] = installed_capex
+        outputs["OpEx"] = total_om

h2integrate/storage/hydrogen/h2_transport/h2_compression.py

@@ -15,16 +15,20 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         p_outlet,
         flow_rate_kg_d,
+        compressor_type="pipeline",
         p_inlet=20,
         n_compressors=2,
         sizing_safety_factor=1.1,
     ):
         """
         Parameters:
         ---------------
+        compressor_type: "pipeline" or "storage"
+        p_inlet: inlet pressure (bar)
         p_outlet: outlet pressure (bar)
         flow_rate_kg_d: mass flow rate in kg/day
         """
+        self.compressor_type = compressor_type
         self.p_inlet = p_inlet  # bar
         self.p_outlet = p_outlet  # bar
         self.flow_rate_kg_d = flow_rate_kg_d  # kg/day
@@ -121,15 +125,23 @@ def compressor_costs(self):
         n_comp_total = (
             self.n_compressors + self.n_comp_back_up
         )  # 2 compressors + 1 backup for reliability
-        production_volume_factor = 0.55  # Assume high production volume
-        CEPCI = 1.29 / 1.1  # Convert from 2007 to 2016$
+        production_volume_factor = 0.55  # Assume high production volume - HDSAM "Scenario" tab Q7
+
+        # From HDSAM "Cost Data" tab, rows 120-131
+        if self.compressor_type == "pipeline":
+            cost_per_unit_2007 = 1962.2 * self.motor_rating**0.8225 * production_volume_factor
+            CEPCI_2007_to_2016 = 1.29 / 1.1  # Convert from 2007 to 2016$
+            cost_per_unit = cost_per_unit_2007 * CEPCI_2007_to_2016
+            install_cost_factor = 2
+        elif self.compressor_type == "storage":
+            cost_per_unit_2013 = (3758.2 * self.motor_rating + 107562) * production_volume_factor
+            CEPCI_2013_to_2016 = 1.29 / 1.22  # Convert from 2013 to 2016$
+            cost_per_unit = cost_per_unit_2013 * CEPCI_2013_to_2016
+            install_cost_factor = 1.3
 
-        cost_per_unit = 1962.2 * self.motor_rating**0.8225 * production_volume_factor * CEPCI
         if self.stages > 2:
             cost_per_unit = cost_per_unit * (1 + 0.2 * (self.stages - 2))
 
-        install_cost_factor = 2
-
         direct_capex = cost_per_unit * n_comp_total * install_cost_factor
 
         land_required = 10000  # m^2 This doesn't change at all in HDSAM...?