diff --git a/docker-compose.yml b/docker-compose.yml
index 3d39f83..ab88e2f 100644
--- a/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ services:
       - POSTGRES_DB=postgres
       - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
       - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
+    security_opt:
+      - "no-new-privileges:true"
+    read_only: true
   web:
     build: .
     image: pygoat/pygoat
@@ -20,6 +23,9 @@ services:
     depends_on:
       - migration
       - db
+    security_opt:
+      - "no-new-privileges:true"
+    read_only: true
   migration:
     image: pygoat/pygoat
     command: python pygoat/manage.py migrate --noinput
@@ -27,3 +33,6 @@ services:
       - .:/app
     depends_on:
       - db
+    security_opt:
+      - "no-new-privileges:true"
+    read_only: true
diff --git a/introduction/apis.py b/introduction/apis.py
index 7926708..ace3c93 100644
--- a/introduction/apis.py
+++ b/introduction/apis.py
@@ -12,25 +12,17 @@
 
 from .utility import *
 from .views import authentication_decorator
-
-
-# steps --> 
-# 1. covert input code to corrosponding code and write in file
-# 2. extract inputs form 2nd code 
-# 3. Run the code 
-# 4. get the result
-@csrf_exempt
 def ssrf_code_checker(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         if request.method == 'POST':
-            python_code = request.POST['python_code']
-            html_code = request.POST['html_code']
+            python_code = request.POST.get('python_code')
+            html_code = request.POST.get('html_code')
             if not (ssrf_code_converter(python_code)):
                 return JsonResponse({"status": "error", "message": "Invalid code"})
             test_bench1 = ssrf_html_input_extractor(html_code)
             
-            if (len(test_bench1) >4):
-                return JsonResponse({'message':'too many inputs in Html\n Try again'},status = 400)
+            if (len(test_bench1) > 4):
+                return JsonResponse({'message': 'too many inputs in Html\n Try again'}, status=400)
             test_bench2 = ['secret.txt']
             correct_output1 = [{"blog": "blog1-passed"}, {"blog": "blog2-passed"}, {"blog": "blog3-passed"}, {"blog": "blog4-passed"}]
             outputs = []
@@ -39,58 +31,61 @@ def ssrf_code_checker(request):
             if outputs == correct_output1:
                 outputs = []
             else:
-                return JsonResponse({'message':'Testbench failed, Code is not working\n Try again'},status = 200)
+                return JsonResponse({'message': 'Testbench failed, Code is not working\n Try again'}, status=200)
 
             correct_output2 = [{"blog": "No blog found"}]
             for inputs in test_bench2:
                 outputs.append(main.ssrf_lab(inputs))
             if outputs == correct_output2:
-                return JsonResponse({'message':'Congratulation, you have written a secure code.', 'passed':1}, status = 200)
+                return JsonResponse({'message': 'Congratulation, you have written a secure code.', 'passed': 1}, status=200)
             
-            return JsonResponse({'message':'Test bench passed but the code is not secure'}, status = 200,safe = False)
+            return JsonResponse({'message': 'Test bench passed but the code is not secure'}, status=200, safe=False)
         else:
-            return JsonResponse({'message':'method not allowed'},status = 405)
+            return JsonResponse({'message': 'method not allowed'}, status=405)
     else:
-        return JsonResponse({'message':'UnAuthenticated User'},status = 401)
-
+        return JsonResponse({'message': 'UnAuthenticated User'}, status=401)
 # Insufficient Logging & Monitoring
 
-
-@csrf_exempt
+# @csrf_exempt
 # @authentication_decorator
 def log_function_checker(request):
     if request.method == 'POST':
-        csrf_token = request.POST.get("csrfmiddlewaretoken")
+        # csrf_token = request.POST.get("csrfmiddlewaretoken") - CSRF token not needed here
         log_code = request.POST.get('log_code')
         api_code = request.POST.get('api_code')
         dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
         log_filename = os.path.join(dirname, "playground/A9/main.py")
         api_filename = os.path.join(dirname, "playground/A9/api.py")
-        f = open(log_filename,"w")
-        f.write(log_code)
-        f.close()
-        f = open(api_filename,"w")
-        f.write(api_code)
-        f.close()
+        
+        # Sanitize input data before writing to files
+        log_code_sanitized = escape(log_code)
+        api_code_sanitized = escape(api_code)
+        
+        with open(log_filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write(log_code_sanitized)
+            
+        with open(api_filename, "w") as f:
+            f.write(api_code_sanitized)
+        
         # Clearing the log file before starting the test
-        f = open('test.log', 'w')
-        f.write("")
-        f.close()
+        with open('test.log', 'w') as f:
+            f.write("")
+            
         url = "http://127.0.0.1:8000/2021/discussion/A9/target"
-        payload={'csrfmiddlewaretoken': csrf_token }
+        # payload={'csrfmiddlewaretoken': csrf_token } - CSRF token not needed in payload
+        
         requests.request("GET", url)
         requests.request("POST", url)
-        requests.request("PATCH", url, data=payload)
+        requests.request("PATCH", url, data={})  # Removed user-controlled data
         requests.request("DELETE", url)
-        f = open('test.log', 'r')
-        lines = f.readlines()
-        f.close()
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "logs": lines},status = 200)
+        
+        with open('test.log', 'r') as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "logs": lines}, status=200)
     else:
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"method not allowed"},status = 405)
-
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "method not allowed"}, status=405)
 #a7 codechecking api
-@csrf_exempt
 def A7_disscussion_api(request):
     if request.method != 'POST':
         return JsonResponse({"message":"method not allowed"},status = 405)
@@ -107,9 +102,7 @@ def A7_disscussion_api(request):
         return JsonResponse({"message":"success"},status = 200)
 
     return JsonResponse({"message":"failure"},status = 400)
-
 #a6 codechecking api
-@csrf_exempt
 def A6_disscussion_api(request):
     test_bench = ["Pillow==8.0.0","PyJWT==2.4.0","requests==2.28.0","Django==4.0.4"]
     
@@ -121,18 +114,19 @@ def A6_disscussion_api(request):
         return JsonResponse({"message":"failure"},status = 400)
     except Exception as e:
         return JsonResponse({"message":"failure"},status = 400)
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def A6_disscussion_api_2(request):
     if request.method != 'POST':
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"method not allowed"},status = 405)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "method not allowed"}, status=405)
     try:
         code = request.POST.get('code')
-        dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        filename = os.path.join(dirname, "playground/A6/utility.py")
-        f = open(filename,"w")
-        f.write(code)
-        f.close()
-    except:
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"missing code"},status = 400)
-    return JsonResponse({"message":"success"},status = 200)
\ No newline at end of file
+        if code is not None:
+            sanitized_code = code[:1024]  # Limit code length to prevent potential abuse
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+            filename = os.path.join(dirname, "playground/A6/utility.py")
+            with open(filename, "w") as f:
+                f.write(sanitized_code)
+        else:
+            return JsonResponse({"message": "missing code"}, status=400)
+    except Exception as e:
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "error occurred", "details": str(e)}, status=400)
+    return JsonResponse({"message": "success"}, status=200)
diff --git a/introduction/mitre.py b/introduction/mitre.py
index c899c21..2ac02f1 100644
--- a/introduction/mitre.py
+++ b/introduction/mitre.py
@@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ def mitre_top24(request):
 def mitre_top25(request):
     if request.method == 'GET':
         return render(request, 'mitre/mitre_top25.html')
+import hashlib
+import jwt
 
 @authentication_decorator
 def csrf_lab_login(request):
@@ -158,23 +160,21 @@ def csrf_lab_login(request):
     elif request.method == 'POST':
         password = request.POST.get('password')
         username = request.POST.get('username')
-        password = md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()
-        User = CSRF_user_tbl.objects.filter(username=username, password=password)
-        if User:
-            payload ={
+        password_hash = hashlib.scrypt(password.encode(), salt=b'salt', n=2**14, r=8, p=1)
+        user = CSRF_user_tbl.objects.filter(username=username, password=password_hash.hex())
+        if user:
+            payload = {
                 'username': username,
                 'exp': datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(seconds=300),
                 'iat': datetime.datetime.utcnow()
             }
-            cookie = jwt.encode(payload, 'csrf_vulneribility', algorithm='HS256')
+            cookie = jwt.encode(payload, 'your_secret_key_here', algorithm='HS256')
             response = redirect("/mitre/9/lab/transaction")
-            response.set_cookie('auth_cookiee', cookie)
+            response.set_cookie('auth_cookiee', cookie, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
             return response
-        else :
+        else:
             return redirect('/mitre/9/lab/login')
-
 @authentication_decorator
-@csrf_exempt
 def csrf_transfer_monei(request):
     if request.method == 'GET':
         try:
@@ -208,14 +208,11 @@ def csrf_transfer_monei_api(request,recipent,amount):
         return redirect('/mitre/9/lab/transaction') 
     else:
         return redirect ('/mitre/9/lab/transaction')
-
-
 # @authentication_decorator
-@csrf_exempt
 def mitre_lab_25_api(request):
     if request.method == "POST":
         expression = request.POST.get('expression')
-        result = eval(expression)
+        result = safe_eval(expression)
         return JsonResponse({'result': result})
     else:
         return redirect('/mitre/25/lab/')
@@ -228,13 +225,11 @@ def mitre_lab_25(request):
 @authentication_decorator
 def mitre_lab_17(request):
     return render(request, 'mitre/mitre_lab_17.html')
+import subprocess
 
 def command_out(command):
-    process = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    process = subprocess.Popen(command, shell=False, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
     return process.communicate()
-    
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def mitre_lab_17_api(request):
     if request.method == "POST":
         ip = request.POST.get('ip')
@@ -243,5 +238,5 @@ def mitre_lab_17_api(request):
         res = res.decode()
         err = err.decode()
         pattern = "STATE SERVICE.*\\n\\n"
-        ports = re.findall(pattern, res,re.DOTALL)[0][14:-2].split('\n')
-        return JsonResponse({'raw_res': str(res), 'raw_err': str(err), 'ports': ports})
\ No newline at end of file
+        ports = re.findall(pattern, res, re.DOTALL)[0][14:-2].split('\n')
+        return JsonResponse({'raw_res': str(res), 'raw_err': str(err), 'ports': ports})
diff --git a/introduction/playground/A9/api.py b/introduction/playground/A9/api.py
index 35e1bd2..f6ad731 100644
--- a/introduction/playground/A9/api.py
+++ b/introduction/playground/A9/api.py
@@ -1,33 +1,30 @@
 from django.http import JsonResponse
-from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
-
 from .main import Log
 
 
-@csrf_exempt
 def log_function_target(request):
     L = Log(request)
     if request.method == "GET":
         L.info("GET request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"normal get request", "method":"get"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "normal get request", "method": "get"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "POST":
         username = request.POST['username']
         password = request.POST['password']
         L.info(f"POST request with username {username} and password {password}")
         if username == "admin" and password == "admin":
-            return JsonResponse({"message":"Loged in successfully", "method":"post"},status = 200)
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"Invalid credentials", "method":"post"},status = 401)
+            return JsonResponse({"message": "Loged in successfully", "method": "post"}, status=200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "Invalid credentials", "method": "post"}, status=401)
     if request.method == "PUT":
         L.info("PUT request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"put"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "put"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "DELETE":
         if request.user.is_authenticated:
-            return JsonResponse({"message":"User is authenticated", "method":"delete"},status = 200)
+            return JsonResponse({"message": "User is authenticated", "method": "delete"}, status=200)
         L.error("DELETE request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"permission denied", "method":"delete"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "permission denied", "method": "delete"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "PATCH":
         L.info("PATCH request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"patch"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "patch"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "UPDATE":
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"update"},status = 200)
-    return JsonResponse({"message":"method not allowed"},status = 403)
\ No newline at end of file
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "update"}, status=200)
+    return JsonResponse({"message": "method not allowed"}, status=403)
diff --git a/introduction/playground/A9/archive.py b/introduction/playground/A9/archive.py
index c9db8fc..b804e9c 100644
--- a/introduction/playground/A9/archive.py
+++ b/introduction/playground/A9/archive.py
@@ -1,62 +1,31 @@
 from django.http import JsonResponse
-from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
 
 from .main import Log
 
 
-@csrf_exempt
 def log_function_target(request):
     L = Log(request)
     if request.method == "GET":
         L.info("GET request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"normal get request", "method":"get"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "normal get request", "method": "get"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "POST":
-        username = request.POST['username']
-        password = request.POST['password']
+        username = request.POST.get('username')
+        password = request.POST.get('password')
         L.info(f"POST request with username {username} and password {password}")
         if username == "admin" and password == "admin":
-            return JsonResponse({"message":"Loged in successfully", "method":"post"},status = 200)
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"Invalid credentials", "method":"post"},status = 401)
+            return JsonResponse({"message": "Loged in successfully", "method": "post"}, status=200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "Invalid credentials", "method": "post"}, status=401)
     if request.method == "PUT":
         L.info("PUT request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"put"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "put"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "DELETE":
         if request.user.is_authenticated:
-            return JsonResponse({"message":"User is authenticated", "method":"delete"},status = 200)
+            return JsonResponse({"message": "User is authenticated", "method": "delete"}, status=200)
         L.error("DELETE request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"permission denied", "method":"delete"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "permission denied", "method": "delete"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "PATCH":
         L.info("PATCH request")
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"patch"},status = 200)
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "patch"}, status=200)
     if request.method == "UPDATE":
-        return JsonResponse({"message":"success", "method":"update"},status = 200)
-    return JsonResponse({"message":"method not allowed"},status = 403)
-
-
-# ======================================
-
-import datetime
-
-
-# f = open('test.log', 'a') --> use this file to log
-class Log:
-    def __init__(self,request):
-        self.request = request
-
-    def info(self,msg):
-        now = datetime.datetime.now()
-        f = open('test.log', 'a')
-        f.write(f"INFO:{now}:{msg}\n")
-        f.close()
-
-    def warning(self,msg):
-        now = datetime.datetime.now()
-        f = open('test.log', 'a')
-        f.write(f"WARNING:{now}:{msg}\n")
-        f.close()
-
-    def error(self,msg):
-        now = datetime.datetime.now()
-        f = open('test.log', 'a')
-        f.write(f"ERROR:{now}:{msg}\n")
-        f.close()
+        return JsonResponse({"message": "success", "method": "update"}, status=200)
+    return JsonResponse({"message": "method not allowed"}, status=403)
diff --git a/introduction/static/js/a9.js b/introduction/static/js/a9.js
index 9c58b8a..c6bc051 100644
--- a/introduction/static/js/a9.js
+++ b/introduction/static/js/a9.js
@@ -35,11 +35,14 @@ event3 = function(){
         let data = JSON.parse(result);  // parse JSON string into object
         console.log(data.logs);
         document.getElementById("a9_d3").style.display = 'flex';
-        for (var i = 0; i < data.logs.length; i++) {
+        var ul = document.getElementById("a9_d3");
+        ul.innerHTML = ''; // Clear existing list items
+        data.logs.forEach(log => {
             var li = document.createElement("li");
-            li.innerHTML = data.logs[i];
+            var text = document.createTextNode(log);
+            li.appendChild(text);
             document.getElementById("a9_d3").appendChild(li);
-        }
+        });
     })
     .catch(error => console.log('error', error));
-    }
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab.html
index 5a70b46..7145c34 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab.html
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 <div class="jumbotron">
     <h4 style="text-align:center"> Yaml To Json Converter</h4>
     <form enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post" action="/a9_lab">
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="file" name="file"><br>
         <br>
         <button class="btn btn-info" type="submit">Upload</button>
@@ -34,4 +35,4 @@ <h5>Here is your output:</h5><br>
 
 </p>
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html
index cace076..5391444 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ <h4>Some Example</h4>
     </ul>
     
     <form enctype="multipart/form-data" id="a9_form2" method="POST" style="display: flex;flex-direction: column;align-items: center;margin-bottom: 50px;">
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="file" name="file" id="a9_file" />
         <input type="text" name="function" id="a9_function" placeholder="function"/>
         <button type="submit" id="a9_submit" >Submit</button>
@@ -88,7 +89,9 @@ <h4>Some Example</h4>
         form.submit();
     }
     {% if error %}
-    alert("{{ data }}");
+    <script>
+        json_script = JSON.stringify("{{ data }}");
+    </script>
     {% endif %}
 
 </script>
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAccess/ba_lab.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAccess/ba_lab.html
index d45da9b..29b37f9 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAccess/ba_lab.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAccess/ba_lab.html
@@ -9,12 +9,10 @@
     <h4 style="text-align:center"> Admins Have the Secretkey</h4>
     <div class="login">
         <form method="post" action="/ba_lab">
-
+            {% csrf_token %}
             <input id="input" type="text" name="name" placeholder="User Name"><br>
             <input id="input" type="password" name="pass" placeholder="Password"><br>
             <button style="margin-top:20px" class="btn btn-info" type="submit"> Log in</button>
-
-
         </form>
     </div>
 </div>
@@ -43,4 +41,4 @@ <h2>Please Provide Credentials</h2>
 
 </p>
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html
index 3d12cda..9e475c2 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@
 <div class="jumbotron">
     <div class="container">
         <h5 align="center">Login Through Otp</h5><br>
-        <form method="get" action="/otp">
+        <form method="post" action="/otp">
+            {% csrf_token %}
             <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="yourid@mail.com">
             <button class="btn btn-info" type="submit"> Send OTP</button>
-
         </form>
-
     </div>
 </div>
 <div class="container">
     <form method="post" action="/otp">
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <label for='enter'>Enter Your OTP:</label>
         <input id="enter" type="number" maxlength="3" name="otp"><br><br>
         <button class="btn btn-info" type="submit">Log in</button>
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ <h3 align="center">Your 3 Digit Verification Code:<code>{{otp}}</code></h3>
     {% if email %}
     <h3 align="center">Login Successful as user : <code>{{email}}</code></h3>
     {% endif %}
-
-
-
 </div>
 <!-- In case any issue with the code please mail the administrator through this mail id : "admin@pygoat.com" -->
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html
index 2998cd3..6175ff5 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
     <div class="container">
         <h3 align="center">Name Server Lookup </h3>
         <form method="post" action="/cmd_lab">
+            {% csrf_token %}
             <input type="text" name="domain" placeholder="Enter Domain Here"><br><br>
             <input type="radio" id="linux" name="os" value="linux">
             <label for="linux">Linux</label>
@@ -33,4 +34,4 @@ <h6><b>Output</b></h6><br>
 </p>
 
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html
index a71a605..7319130 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
     <div class="container">
         <h3 align="center">Evaluate any expression!</h3>
         <form method="post" action="/cmd_lab2">
+            {% csrf_token %}
             <input type="text" name="val" placeholder="eg. 7*7"><br><br>
             <center><button class="btn btn-info" type="submit">GO</button></center>
         </form>
@@ -29,4 +30,4 @@ <h6><b>Output</b></h6><br>
 </p>
 
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/XSS/xss_lab_3.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/XSS/xss_lab_3.html
index a550b9a..86939cf 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/XSS/xss_lab_3.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/XSS/xss_lab_3.html
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ <h1>Welcome to XSS Challenge</h1>
 <p>{{code}}</p>
 <script>
     // LAB 3 JS CODE
-    {{code}}
 </script>
+{{code}}
 <br>
 <div align="right">
   <button class="btn btn-info" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/xss'">Back to Lab Details</button>
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab/ssrf/ssrf_discussion.html b/introduction/templates/Lab/ssrf/ssrf_discussion.html
index 7dc6678..2eb5868 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab/ssrf/ssrf_discussion.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab/ssrf/ssrf_discussion.html
@@ -123,22 +123,22 @@ <h6>ssrf_lab.html</h6>
                     <textarea id="html">
 <div style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;margin:15px">
     <form method="post" action="/ssrf_lab">
-        {&#37; csrf_token &#37;}
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="hidden" name="blog" value="templates/Lab/ssrf/blogs/blog1.txt">
         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info"> Blog1 </button>
     </form>
     <form method="post" action="/ssrf_lab">
-        {&#37; csrf_token &#37;}
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="hidden" name="blog" value="templates/Lab/ssrf/blogs/blog2.txt">
         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info"> Blog2 </button>
     </form>
     <form method="post" action="/ssrf_lab">
-        {&#37; csrf_token &#37;}
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="hidden" name="blog" value="templates/Lab/ssrf/blogs/blog3.txt">
         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info"> Blog3 </button>
     </form>
     <form method="post" action="/ssrf_lab">
-        {&#37; csrf_token &#37;}
+        {% csrf_token %}
         <input type="hidden" name="blog" value="templates/Lab/ssrf/blogs/blog4.txt">
         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info"> Blog4 </button>
     </form>
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_1.html b/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_1.html
index 1fa4c91..4828601 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_1.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_1.html
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     <h4 style="text-align:center"> Admins Have the Secretkey</h4>
     <div class="login">
         <form method="post" action="/broken_access_lab_1">
+            {% csrf_token %}
 
             <input id="input" type="text" name="name" placeholder="User Name"><br>
             <input id="input" type="password" name="pass" placeholder="Password"><br>
@@ -43,4 +44,4 @@ <h2>Please Provide Credentials</h2>
 
 </p>
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html b/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html
index cce8b6e..7940ed9 100644
--- a/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html
+++ b/introduction/templates/Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html
@@ -9,12 +9,10 @@
     <h4 style="text-align:center"> Can you log in as an admin and get the secretkey?</h4>
     <div class="login">
         <form method="post" action="/broken_access_lab_2">
-
+            {% csrf_token %}
             <input id="input" type="text" name="name" placeholder="User Name"><br>
             <input id="input" type="password" name="pass" placeholder="Password"><br>
             <button style="margin-top:20px" class="btn btn-info" type="submit"> Log in</button>
-
-
         </form>
     </div>
 </div>
@@ -50,4 +48,4 @@ <h2>Please Provide Credentials</h2>
 <!--Admins don't use Browsers like Google Chrome or Firefox etc-->
 <!--Admins only use pygoat_admin browser-->
 
-{% endblock %}
\ No newline at end of file
+{% endblock %}
diff --git a/introduction/views.py b/introduction/views.py
index 0f550c4..165a415 100644
--- a/introduction/views.py
+++ b/introduction/views.py
@@ -142,43 +142,40 @@ def sql(request):
         return  render(request,'Lab/SQL/sql.html')
     else:
         return redirect('login')
+from django.db import connection
 
 def sql_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-
-        name=request.POST.get('name')
-
-        password=request.POST.get('pass')
-
+        name = request.POST.get('name')
+        password = request.POST.get('pass')
+        
         if name:
-
             if login.objects.filter(user=name):
-
-                sql_query = "SELECT * FROM introduction_login WHERE user='"+name+"'AND password='"+password+"'"
+                sql_query = "SELECT * FROM introduction_login WHERE user=%s AND password=%s"
                 print(sql_query)
                 try:
                     print("\nin try\n")
-                    val=login.objects.raw(sql_query)
+                    val = login.objects.raw(sql_query, [name, password])
                 except:
                     print("\nin except\n")
                     return render(
                         request, 
                         'Lab/SQL/sql_lab.html',
                         {
-                            "wrongpass":password,
-                            "sql_error":sql_query
+                            "wrongpass": password,
+                            "sql_error": sql_query
                         })
-
+                
                 if val:
-                    user=val[0].user
-                    return render(request, 'Lab/SQL/sql_lab.html',{"user1":user})
+                    user = val[0].user
+                    return render(request, 'Lab/SQL/sql_lab.html',{"user1": user})
                 else:
                     return render(
                         request, 
                         'Lab/SQL/sql_lab.html',
                         {
-                            "wrongpass":password,
-                            "sql_error":sql_query
+                            "wrongpass": password,
+                            "sql_error": sql_query
                         })
             else:
                 return render(request, 'Lab/SQL/sql_lab.html',{"no": "User not found"})
@@ -200,19 +197,21 @@ class TestUser:
     admin: int = 0
 pickled_user = pickle.dumps(TestUser())
 encoded_user = base64.b64encode(pickled_user)
+import base64
+import json
 
 def insec_des_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        response = render(request,'Lab/insec_des/insec_des_lab.html', {"message":"Only Admins can see this page"})
+        response = render(request, 'Lab/insec_des/insec_des_lab.html', {"message": "Only Admins can see this page"})
         token = request.COOKIES.get('token')
         if token == None:
             token = encoded_user
-            response.set_cookie(key='token',value=token.decode('utf-8'))
+            response.set_cookie(key='token', value=token.decode('utf-8'), secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
         else:
             token = base64.b64decode(token)
-            admin = pickle.loads(token)
-            if admin.admin == 1:
-                response = render(request,'Lab/insec_des/insec_des_lab.html', {"message":"Welcome Admin, SECRETKEY:ADMIN123"})
+            token_data = json.loads(token)
+            if token_data.get('admin') == 1:
+                response = render(request, 'Lab/insec_des/insec_des_lab.html', {"message": "Welcome Admin, SECRETKEY:ADMIN123"})
                 return response
 
         return response
@@ -234,19 +233,13 @@ def xxe_lab(request):
         return render(request,'Lab/XXE/xxe_lab.html')
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def xxe_see(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-
-        data=comments.objects.all()
-        com=data[0].comment
-        return render(request,'Lab/XXE/xxe_lab.html',{"com":com})
+        data = comments.objects.all()
+        com = data[0].comment
+        return render(request, 'Lab/XXE/xxe_lab.html', {"com": com})
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def xxe_parse(request):
 
     parser = make_parser()
@@ -259,7 +252,7 @@ def xxe_parse(request):
     startInd = text.find('>')
     endInd = text.find('<', startInd)
     text = text[startInd + 1:endInd:]
-    p=comments.objects.filter(id=1).update(comment=text)
+    p = comments.objects.filter(id=1).update(comment=text)
 
     return render(request, 'Lab/XXE/xxe_lab.html')
 
@@ -269,70 +262,67 @@ def auth_home(request):
 
 def auth_lab(request):
     return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab.html')
+from django.template.loader import render_to_string
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+from django.shortcuts import render
+from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
 
 def auth_lab_signup(request):
     if request.method == 'GET':
-        return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html')
+        return render(request, 'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html')
     elif request.method == 'POST':
         try:
             name = request.POST['name']
             user_name = request.POST['username']
-            passwd  = request.POST['pass']
-            obj = authLogin.objects.create(name=name,username=user_name,password=passwd)
+            passwd = request.POST['pass']
+            obj = authLogin.objects.create(name=name, username=user_name, password=passwd)
             try:
-                rendered = render_to_string('Lab/AUTH/auth_success.html', {'username': obj.username,'userid':obj.userid,'name':obj.name,'err_msg':'Cookie Set'})
+                context = {'username': obj.username, 'userid': obj.userid, 'name': mark_safe(obj.name), 'err_msg': 'Cookie Set'}
+                rendered = render_to_string('Lab/AUTH/auth_success.html', context)
                 response = HttpResponse(rendered)
-                response.set_cookie('userid', obj.userid, max_age=31449600, samesite=None, secure=False)
+                response.set_cookie('userid', obj.userid, max_age=31449600, samesite='Lax', secure=True, httponly=True)
                 print('Setting cookie successful')
                 return response
             except:
-                render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html',{'err_msg':'Cookie cannot be set'})
+                return render(request, 'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html', {'err_msg': 'Cookie cannot be set'})
         except:
-            return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html',{'err_msg':'Username already exists'})
+            return render(request, 'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_signup.html', {'err_msg': 'Username already exists'})
+from django.shortcuts import render
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+from django.template.loader import render_to_string
+from django.utils.html import escape
+from Lab.models import authLogin
 
 def auth_lab_login(request):
     if request.method == 'GET':
         try:
-            obj = authLogin.objects.filter(userid=request.COOKIES['userid'])[0]
+            obj = authLogin.objects.filter(userid=request.COOKIES.get('userid', ''))[0]
             rendered = render_to_string('Lab/AUTH/auth_success.html', {'username': obj.username,'userid':obj.userid,'name':obj.name, 'err_msg':'Login Successful'})
-            response = HttpResponse(rendered)
-            response.set_cookie('userid', obj.userid, max_age=31449600, samesite=None, secure=False)
-            print('Login successful')
-            return response
+            return HttpResponse(rendered)
         except:
             return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_login.html')
     elif request.method == 'POST':
         try:
             user_name = request.POST['username']
             passwd  = request.POST['pass']
-            print(user_name,passwd)
             obj = authLogin.objects.filter(username=user_name,password=passwd)[0]
             try:
                 rendered = render_to_string('Lab/AUTH/auth_success.html', {'username': obj.username,'userid':obj.userid,'name':obj.name, 'err_msg':'Login Successful'})
                 response = HttpResponse(rendered)
-                response.set_cookie('userid', obj.userid, max_age=31449600, samesite=None, secure=False)
+                response.set_cookie('userid', obj.userid, max_age=31449600, samesite='Lax', secure=True, httponly=True)
                 print('Login successful')
                 return response
             except:
-                render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_login.html',{'err_msg':'Cookie cannot be set'})
+                return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_login.html',{'err_msg':'Cookie cannot be set'})
         except:
             return render(request,'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab_login.html',{'err_msg':'Check your credentials'})
-
 def auth_lab_logout(request):
-    rendered = render_to_string('Lab/AUTH/auth_lab.html',context={'err_msg':'Logout successful'})
-    response = HttpResponse(rendered)    
-    response.delete_cookie('userid')
-    return response
-
-#***************************************************************Broken Access Control************************************************************#
-
-@csrf_exempt
+    return render(request, 'Lab/AUTH/auth_lab.html', context={'err_msg': 'Logout successful'})
 def ba(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        return render(request,"Lab/BrokenAccess/ba.html")
+        return render(request, "Lab/BrokenAccess/ba.html")
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-@csrf_exempt
 def ba_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         name = request.POST.get('name')
@@ -405,57 +395,56 @@ def cmd(request):
         return render(request,'Lab/CMD/cmd.html')
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-@csrf_exempt
+import shlex
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
+import subprocess
+
 def cmd_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        if(request.method=="POST"):
-            domain=request.POST.get('domain')
-            domain=domain.replace("https://www.",'')
-            os=request.POST.get('os')
+        if request.method == "POST":
+            domain = request.POST.get('domain')
+            domain = domain.replace("https://www.", '')
+            os = request.POST.get('os')
             print(os)
-            if(os=='win'):
-                command="nslookup {}".format(domain)
+            if os == 'win':
+                command = ["nslookup", domain]
             else:
-                command = "dig {}".format(domain)
-            
+                command = ["dig", domain]
+
             try:
-                # output=subprocess.check_output(command,shell=True,encoding="UTF-8")
                 process = subprocess.Popen(
                     command,
-                    shell=True,
-                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE, 
+                    shell=False,
+                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                     stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
                 stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
                 data = stdout.decode('utf-8')
                 stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8')
-                # res = json.loads(data)
-                # print("Stdout\n" + data)
                 output = data + stderr
                 print(data + stderr)
             except:
                 output = "Something went wrong"
-                return render(request,'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html',{"output":output})
+                return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html', {"output": output})
             print(output)
-            return render(request,'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html',{"output":output})
+            return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html', {"output": output})
         else:
             return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab.html')
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def cmd_lab2(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        if (request.method=="POST"):
-            val=request.POST.get('val')
+        if request.method == "POST":
+            val = request.POST.get('val')
             
             print(val)
             try:
                 output = eval(val)
             except:
                 output = "Something went wrong"
-                return render(request,'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html',{"output":output})
+                return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html', {"output": output})
             print("Output = ", output)
-            return render(request,'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html',{"output":output})
+            return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html', {"output": output})
         else:
             return render(request, 'Lab/CMD/cmd_lab2.html')
     else:
@@ -481,34 +470,30 @@ def bau_lab(request):
 
 def login_otp(request):
     return render(request,"Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html")
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def Otp(request):
-    if request.method=="GET":
-        email=request.GET.get('email')
-        otpN=randint(100,999)
+    if request.method == "GET":
+        email = request.GET.get('email')
+        otpN = randint(100,999)
         if email and otpN:
-            if email=="admin@pygoat.com":
+            if email == "admin@pygoat.com":
                 otp.objects.filter(id=2).update(otp=otpN)
-                html = render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html", {"otp":"Sent To Admin Mail ID"})
+                html = render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html", {"otp": "Sent To Admin Mail ID"})
                 html.set_cookie("email", email)
                 return html
-
             else:
                 otp.objects.filter(id=1).update(email=email, otp=otpN)
-                html=render (request,"Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html",{"otp":otpN})
-                html.set_cookie("email",email)
+                html = render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html", {"otp": otpN})
+                html.set_cookie("email", email)
                 return html
         else:
-            return render(request,"Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html")
+            return render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html")
     else:
-        otpR=request.POST.get("otp")
-        email=request.COOKIES.get("email")
-        if otp.objects.filter(email=email,otp=otpR) or otp.objects.filter(id=2,otp=otpR):
-            # return HttpResponse("<h3>Login Success for email:::"+email+"</h3>")
-            return render (request,"Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html",{"email":email})
+        otpR = request.POST.get("otp")
+        email = request.COOKIES.get("email")
+        if otp.objects.filter(email=email, otp=otpR) or otp.objects.filter(id=2, otp=otpR):
+            return render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html", {"email": email})
         else:
-            return render (request,"Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html",{"otp":"Invalid OTP Please Try Again"})
+            return render(request, "Lab/BrokenAuth/otp.html", {"otp": "Invalid OTP Please Try Again"})
 
 
 #*****************************************Security Misconfiguration**********************************************#
@@ -540,45 +525,39 @@ def a9(request):
         return render(request,"Lab/A9/a9.html")
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-@csrf_exempt
 def a9_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        if request.method=="GET":
-            return render(request,"Lab/A9/a9_lab.html")
+        if request.method == "GET":
+            return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab.html")
         else:
-
-            try :
-                file=request.FILES["file"]
-                try :
-                    data = yaml.load(file,yaml.Loader)
-                    
-                    return render(request,"Lab/A9/a9_lab.html",{"data":data})
+            try:
+                file = request.FILES["file"]
+                try:
+                    data = yaml.safe_load(file)
+                    return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab.html", {"data": data})
                 except:
                     return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab.html", {"data": "Error"})
-
             except:
-                return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab.html", {"data":"Please Upload a Yaml file."})
+                return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab.html", {"data": "Please Upload a Yaml file."})
     else:
         return redirect('login')
 def get_version(request):
       return render(request,"Lab/A9/a9_lab.html",{"version":"pyyaml v5.1"})
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def a9_lab2(request):
     if not request.user.is_authenticated:
         return redirect('login')
     
     if request.method == "GET":
-        return render (request,"Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html")
+        return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html")
     elif request.method == "POST":
-        try :
-            file=request.FILES["file"]
+        try:
+            file = request.FILES["file"]
             function_str = request.POST.get("function")
-            img  = Image.open(file)
+            img = Image.open(file)
             img = img.convert("RGB")
-            r,g,b  = img.split()
+            r, g, b = img.split()
             # function_str = "convert(r+g, '1')"
-            output = ImageMath.eval(function_str,img = img, b=b, r=r, g=g)
+            output = ImageMath.eval(function_str, img=img, b=b, r=r, g=g)
 
             # saving the image 
             buffered = BytesIO()
@@ -588,14 +567,14 @@ def a9_lab2(request):
             bufferd_ref = BytesIO()
             img.save(bufferd_ref, format="JPEG")
             img_str_ref = base64.b64encode(bufferd_ref.getvalue()).decode("utf-8")
-            try :
-                return render(request,"Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html",{"img_str": img_str,"img_str_ref":img_str_ref, "success": True})
+            try:
+                return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html", {"img_str": img_str, "img_str_ref": img_str_ref, "success": True})
             except Exception as e:
                 print(e)
                 return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html", {"data": "Error", "error": True})
         except Exception as e:
             print(e)
-            return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html", {"data":"Please Upload a file", "error":True})
+            return render(request, "Lab/A9/a9_lab2.html", {"data": "Please Upload a file", "error": True})
 
 
 @authentication_decorator
@@ -721,22 +700,16 @@ def insec_desgine_lab(request):
             pass
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
-
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 ###################################################### 2021 A1: Broken Access
 
-@csrf_exempt
 def a1_broken_access(request):
     if not request.user.is_authenticated:
         return redirect('login')
     
     return render(request,"Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access.html")
-
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def a1_broken_access_lab_1(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         pass
@@ -771,8 +744,6 @@ def a1_broken_access_lab_1(request):
 
     else:
         return render(request,'Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_1.html',{"no_creds":True})
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def a1_broken_access_lab_2(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         pass
@@ -798,13 +769,13 @@ def a1_broken_access_lab_2(request):
                 })
         elif ( name=='jack' and password=='jacktheripper'): # Will implement hashing here
             html = render(
-            request, 
-            'Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html', 
-            {
-                "not_admin":"No Secret key for this User",
-                "username": name,
-                "status": "not admin"
-            })
+                request, 
+                'Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html', 
+                {
+                    "not_admin":"No Secret key for this User",
+                    "username": name,
+                    "status": "not admin"
+                })
             return html
         else:
             return render(request, 'Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/broken_access_lab_2.html', {"data": "User Not Found"})
@@ -832,29 +803,21 @@ def a1_broken_access_lab3_secret(request):
         return redirect('login')
     # no checking applied here
     return render(request, 'Lab_2021/A1_BrokenAccessControl/secret.html')
-
-
-###################################################### 2021 A3: Injection
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def injection(request):
     if not request.user.is_authenticated:
         return redirect('login')
     
     return render(request,"Lab_2021/A3_Injection/injection.html")
-
-
-@csrf_exempt
 def injection_sql_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-
-        name=request.POST.get('name')
-        password=request.POST.get('pass')
+        name = request.POST.get('name')
+        password = request.POST.get('pass')
         print(name)
         print(password)
 
         if name:
-            sql_query = "SELECT * FROM introduction_sql_lab_table WHERE id='"+name+"'AND password='"+password+"'"
+            sql_query = "SELECT * FROM introduction_sql_lab_table WHERE id=%s AND password=%s"
+            sql_params = [name, password]
 
             sql_instance = sql_lab_table(id="admin", password="65079b006e85a7e798abecb99e47c154")
             sql_instance.save()
@@ -868,7 +831,7 @@ def injection_sql_lab(request):
             print(sql_query)
 
             try:
-                user = sql_lab_table.objects.raw(sql_query)
+                user = sql_lab_table.objects.raw(sql_query, sql_params)
                 user = user[0].id
                 print(user)
 
@@ -877,19 +840,19 @@ def injection_sql_lab(request):
                     request, 
                     'Lab_2021/A3_Injection/sql_lab.html',
                     {
-                        "wrongpass":password,
-                        "sql_error":sql_query
+                        "wrongpass": password,
+                        "sql_error": sql_query
                     })
 
             if user:
-                return render(request, 'Lab_2021/A3_Injection/sql_lab.html',{"user1":user})
+                return render(request, 'Lab_2021/A3_Injection/sql_lab.html', {"user1": user})
             else:
                 return render(
                     request, 
                     'Lab_2021/A3_Injection/sql_lab.html',
                     {
-                        "wrongpass":password,
-                        "sql_error":sql_query
+                        "wrongpass": password,
+                        "sql_error": sql_query
                     })
         else:
             return render(request, 'Lab_2021/A3_Injection/sql_lab.html')
@@ -907,18 +870,17 @@ def ssrf(request):
         return render(request,"Lab/ssrf/ssrf.html")
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
 def ssrf_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        if request.method=="GET":
+        if request.method == "GET":
             return render(request,"Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab.html",{"blog":"Read Blog About SSRF"})
         else:
-            file=request.POST["blog"]
-            try :
+            file = request.POST["blog"]
+            try:
                 dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-                filename = os.path.join(dirname, file)
-                file = open(filename,"r")
-                data = file.read()
+                filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dirname, file))
+                with open(filename, "r") as file:
+                    data = file.read()
                 return render(request,"Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab.html",{"blog":data})
             except:
                 return render(request, "Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab.html", {"blog": "No blog found"})
@@ -944,6 +906,14 @@ def ssrf_target(request):
         return render(request,"Lab/ssrf/ssrf_target.html")
     else:
         return render(request,"Lab/ssrf/ssrf_target.html",{"access_denied":True})
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+from django.http import Http404
+
+ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["example.com", "api.example.com"]  # Add your allowed hosts here
+
+def is_valid_url(url):
+    parsed_url = urlparse(url)
+    return parsed_url.hostname in ALLOWED_HOSTS
 
 @authentication_decorator
 def ssrf_lab2(request):
@@ -952,11 +922,14 @@ def ssrf_lab2(request):
 
     elif request.method == "POST":
         url = request.POST["url"]
+        if not is_valid_url(url):
+            raise Http404("Invalid URL")
+
         try:
             response = requests.get(url)
             return render(request, "Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab2.html", {"response": response.content.decode()})
         except:
-            return render(request, "Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab2.html", {"error": "Invalid URL"})
+            return render(request, "Lab/ssrf/ssrf_lab2.html", {"error": "Failed to fetch URL"})
 #--------------------------------------- Server-side template injection --------------------------------------#
 
 def ssti(request):
@@ -964,7 +937,6 @@ def ssti(request):
         return render(request,"Lab_2021/A3_Injection/ssti.html")
     else:
         return redirect('login')
-
 def ssti_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         if request.method=="GET":
@@ -985,9 +957,8 @@ def ssti_lab(request):
             new_blog.save() 
             dirname = os.path.dirname(__file__)
             filename = os.path.join(dirname, f"templates/Lab_2021/A3_Injection/Blogs/{id}.html")
-            file = open(filename, "w+") 
-            file.write(blog)
-            file.close()
+            with open(filename, "w+") as file:
+                file.write(escape(blog))
             return redirect(f'blog/{id}')
     else:
         return redirect('login')
@@ -1007,21 +978,23 @@ def crypto_failure(request):
         return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure.html",{"success":False,"failure":False})
     else:
         redirect('login')
+import hashlib
 
 def crypto_failure_lab(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
-        if request.method=="GET":
-            return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html")
-        elif request.method=="POST":
+        if request.method == "GET":
+            return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html")
+        elif request.method == "POST":
             username = request.POST["username"]
             password = request.POST["password"]
             try:
-                password = md5(password.encode()).hexdigest()
-                user = CF_user.objects.get(username=username,password=password)
-                return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html",{"user":user, "success":True,"failure":False})
+                password_hash = hashlib.scrypt(password.encode(), salt=b'salt', n=16384, r=8, p=1)
+                password = password_hash.hex()
+                user = CF_user.objects.get(username=username, password=password)
+                return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html", {"user": user, "success": True, "failure": False})
             except:
-                return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html",{"success":False, "failure":True})
-    else :
+                return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab.html", {"success": False, "failure": True})
+    else:
         return redirect('login')
 
 def crypto_failure_lab2(request):
@@ -1037,27 +1010,26 @@ def crypto_failure_lab2(request):
                 return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab2.html",{"user":user, "success":True,"failure":False})
             except:
                 return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab2.html",{"success":False, "failure":True})
-
 # based on CWE-319
 def crypto_failure_lab3(request):
     if request.user.is_authenticated:
         if request.method == "GET":
-            try :
-                cookie = request.COOKIES["cookie"]
+            try:
+                cookie = request.COOKIES.get("cookie")
                 print(cookie)
                 expire = cookie.split('|')[1]
                 expire = datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(expire)
                 now = datetime.datetime.now()
-                if now > expire :
-                    return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html",{"success":False,"failure":False})
+                if now > expire:
+                    return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html", {"success": False, "failure": False})
                 elif cookie.split('|')[0] == 'admin':
-                    return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html",{"success":True,"failure":False,"admin":True})
+                    return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html", {"success": True, "failure": False, "admin": True})
                 else:
-                    return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html",{"success":True,"failure":False,"admin":False})
+                    return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html", {"success": True, "failure": False, "admin": False})
             except Exception as e:
                 print(e)
                 pass
-            return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html")
+            return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html")
         if request.method == "POST":
             username = request.POST["username"]
             password = request.POST["password"]
@@ -1065,21 +1037,19 @@ def crypto_failure_lab3(request):
                 if username == "User" and password == "P@$$w0rd":
                     expire = datetime.datetime.now() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=60)
                     cookie = f"{username}|{expire}"
-                    response = render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html",{"success":True, "failure":False , "admin":False})
-                    response.set_cookie("cookie", cookie)
+                    response = render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html", {"success": True, "failure": False, "admin": False})
+                    response.set_cookie("cookie", cookie, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
                     response.status_code = 200
                     return response
                 else:
-                    response = render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html",{"success":False, "failure":True})
-                    response.set_cookie("cookie", None)
+                    response = render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab3.html", {"success": False, "failure": True})
+                    response.set_cookie("cookie", None, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
                     return response
             except:
-                return render(request,"Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab2.html",{"success":False, "failure":True})
+                return render(request, "Lab_2021/A2_Crypto_failur/crypto_failure_lab2.html", {"success": False, "failure": True})
 
 #-----------------------------------------------SECURITY MISCONFIGURATION -------------------
 from pygoat.settings import SECRET_COOKIE_KEY
-
-
 def sec_misconfig_lab3(request):
     if not request.user.is_authenticated:
         return redirect('login')
@@ -1087,19 +1057,19 @@ def sec_misconfig_lab3(request):
         cookie = request.COOKIES["auth_cookie"]
         payload = jwt.decode(cookie, SECRET_COOKIE_KEY, algorithms=['HS256'])
         if payload['user'] == 'admin':
-            return render(request,"Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin":True} )
+            return render(request, "Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin": True})
         else:
-            return render(request,"Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin":False} )
+            return render(request, "Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin": False})
     except:
         payload = {
-            'user':'not_admin',
+            'user': 'not_admin',
             'exp': datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(minutes=60),
             'iat': datetime.datetime.utcnow(),
         }
 
         cookie = jwt.encode(payload, SECRET_COOKIE_KEY, algorithm='HS256')
-        response = render(request,"Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin":False} )
-        response.set_cookie(key = "auth_cookie", value = cookie)
+        response = render(request, "Lab/sec_mis/sec_mis_lab3.html", {"admin": False})
+        response.set_cookie(key="auth_cookie", value=cookie, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
         return response
 
 # - ------------------------Identification and Authentication Failures--------------------------------
@@ -1159,7 +1129,6 @@ def auth_failure_lab2(request):
     "User3":{"userid":"3", "username":"User3", "password": "5a91a66f0c86b5435fe748706b99c17e6e54a17e03c2a3ef8d0dfa918db41cf6"},
     "User4":{"userid":"4", "username":"User4", "password": "6046bc3337728a60967a151ee584e4fd7c53740a49485ebdc38cac42a255f266"}
 }
-
 # USER_A7_LAB3 = {
 #     "User1":{"userid":"1", "username":"User1", "password": "Hash1"},
 #     "User2":{"userid":"2", "username":"User2", "password": "Hash2"},
@@ -1168,14 +1137,13 @@ def auth_failure_lab2(request):
 # }
 
 @authentication_decorator
-@csrf_exempt
 def auth_failure_lab3(request):
     if request.method == "GET":
         try:
             cookie = request.COOKIES["session_id"]
             session = AF_session_id.objects.get(session_id=cookie)
-            if session :
-                return render(request,"Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html", {"username":session.user,"success":True})
+            if session:
+                return render(request, "Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html", {"username": session.user, "success": True})
         except:
             pass
         return render(request, "Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html")
@@ -1187,14 +1155,14 @@ def auth_failure_lab3(request):
             password = hashlib.sha256(password.encode()).hexdigest()
         except:
             response = render(request, "Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html")
-            response.set_cookie("session_id", None)
+            response.set_cookie("session_id", None, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
             return response
 
         if USER_A7_LAB3[username]['password'] == password:
             session_data = AF_session_id.objects.create(session_id=token, user=USER_A7_LAB3[username]['username'])
             session_data.save()
-            response = render(request, "Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html", {"success":True, "failure":False, "username":username})
-            response.set_cookie("session_id", token)
+            response = render(request, "Lab_2021/A7_auth_failure/lab3.html", {"success": True, "failure": False, "username": username})
+            response.set_cookie("session_id", token, secure=True, httponly=True, samesite='Lax')
             return response
 
 #-- coding playground for lab2