diff --git a/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/assign_fresh_ids.rs b/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/assign_fresh_ids.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0832ae7709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/assign_fresh_ids.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+// distributed with this work for additional information
+// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+// specific language governing permissions and limitations
+// under the License.
+
+use super::utils::try_insert_field;
+use super::*;
+
+pub(crate) fn assign_fresh_ids(schema: Schema, base: &Schema, start_from: i32) -> Result<Schema> {
+    let mut assigner = AssignFreshIds::new(&schema, base, start_from);
+    let Schema {
+        r#struct,
+        schema_id,
+        identifier_field_ids,
+        alias_to_id,
+        ..
+    } = schema;
+    let fields = assigner.assign_fields(r#struct.fields().to_vec())?;
+    let identifier_field_ids = assigner.apply_to_identifier_fields(identifier_field_ids)?;
+    let alias_to_id = assigner.apply_to_aliases(alias_to_id)?;
+
+    Schema::builder()
+        .with_schema_id(schema_id)
+        .with_fields(fields)
+        .with_identifier_field_ids(identifier_field_ids)
+        .with_alias(alias_to_id)
+        .build()
+}
+
+struct AssignFreshIds {
+    next_field_id: i32,
+    target_names: HashMap<i32, String>,
+    base_ids: HashMap<String, i32>,
+    old_to_new_id: HashMap<i32, i32>,
+}
+
+impl AssignFreshIds {
+    fn new(target: &Schema, base: &Schema, start_from: i32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            next_field_id: start_from,
+            target_names: target.field_id_to_name_map().clone(),
+            base_ids: base
+                .field_id_to_name_map()
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(id, name)| (name.clone(), *id))
+                .collect(),
+            old_to_new_id: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn id_for(&mut self, old_id: i32) -> Result<i32> {
+        if let Some(id) = self
+            .target_names
+            .get(&old_id)
+            .and_then(|name| self.base_ids.get(name))
+        {
+            return Ok(*id);
+        }
+
+        let id = self.next_field_id;
+        self.next_field_id = self.next_field_id.checked_add(1).ok_or_else(|| {
+            Error::new(
+                ErrorKind::DataInvalid,
+                "Field ID overflowed, cannot add more fields",
+            )
+        })?;
+        Ok(id)
+    }
+
+    fn assign_fields(&mut self, fields: Vec<NestedFieldRef>) -> Result<Vec<NestedFieldRef>> {
+        let outer_fields = fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|field| {
+                let new_id = self.id_for(field.id)?;
+                try_insert_field(&mut self.old_to_new_id, field.id, new_id)?;
+                Ok(Arc::new(Arc::unwrap_or_clone(field).with_id(new_id)))
+            })
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+
+        outer_fields
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|field| {
+                if field.field_type.is_primitive() {
+                    Ok(field)
+                } else {
+                    let mut field = Arc::unwrap_or_clone(field);
+                    *field.field_type = self.assign_type(*field.field_type)?;
+                    Ok(Arc::new(field))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn assign_type(&mut self, field_type: Type) -> Result<Type> {
+        match field_type {
+            Type::Primitive(primitive) => Ok(Type::Primitive(primitive)),
+            Type::Struct(r#struct) => Ok(Type::Struct(StructType::new(
+                self.assign_fields(r#struct.fields().to_vec())?,
+            ))),
+            Type::List(list) => {
+                let new_id = self.id_for(list.element_field.id)?;
+                try_insert_field(&mut self.old_to_new_id, list.element_field.id, new_id)?;
+                let mut element_field = Arc::unwrap_or_clone(list.element_field);
+                element_field.id = new_id;
+                *element_field.field_type = self.assign_type(*element_field.field_type)?;
+                Ok(Type::List(ListType {
+                    element_field: Arc::new(element_field),
+                }))
+            }
+            Type::Map(map) => {
+                let new_key_id = self.id_for(map.key_field.id)?;
+                let new_value_id = self.id_for(map.value_field.id)?;
+                try_insert_field(&mut self.old_to_new_id, map.key_field.id, new_key_id)?;
+                try_insert_field(&mut self.old_to_new_id, map.value_field.id, new_value_id)?;
+
+                let mut key_field = Arc::unwrap_or_clone(map.key_field);
+                key_field.id = new_key_id;
+                *key_field.field_type = self.assign_type(*key_field.field_type)?;
+
+                let mut value_field = Arc::unwrap_or_clone(map.value_field);
+                value_field.id = new_value_id;
+                *value_field.field_type = self.assign_type(*value_field.field_type)?;
+
+                Ok(Type::Map(MapType {
+                    key_field: Arc::new(key_field),
+                    value_field: Arc::new(value_field),
+                }))
+            }
+            Type::Variant(variant) => Ok(Type::Variant(variant)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn apply_to_identifier_fields(&self, field_ids: HashSet<i32>) -> Result<HashSet<i32>> {
+        field_ids
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|id| {
+                self.old_to_new_id.get(&id).copied().ok_or_else(|| {
+                    Error::new(
+                        ErrorKind::DataInvalid,
+                        format!("Identifier Field ID {id} not found"),
+                    )
+                })
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn apply_to_aliases(&self, aliases: BiHashMap<String, i32>) -> Result<BiHashMap<String, i32>> {
+        aliases
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(name, id)| {
+                self.old_to_new_id
+                    .get(&id)
+                    .copied()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| {
+                        Error::new(
+                            ErrorKind::DataInvalid,
+                            format!("Field with id {id} for alias {name} not found"),
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .map(|new_id| (name, new_id))
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::spec::{Literal, VariantType};
+
+    fn empty_schema() -> Schema {
+        Schema::builder().build().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_assign_fresh_ids() {
+        let schema = Schema::builder()
+            .with_fields(vec![
+                NestedField::required(0, "a", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                NestedField::required(1, "c", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int))
+                    .with_initial_default(Literal::int(23))
+                    .with_write_default(Literal::int(34))
+                    .into(),
+                NestedField::required(2, "B", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+            ])
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+        let expected = Schema::builder()
+            .with_fields(vec![
+                NestedField::required(11, "a", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                NestedField::required(12, "c", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int))
+                    .with_initial_default(Literal::int(23))
+                    .with_write_default(Literal::int(34))
+                    .into(),
+                NestedField::required(13, "B", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+            ])
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let assigned = assign_fresh_ids(schema, &empty_schema(), 11).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(assigned.as_struct(), expected.as_struct());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_assign_fresh_ids_with_type() {
+        for test_type in [
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Boolean),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Long),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Float),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Double),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Decimal {
+                precision: 9,
+                scale: 2,
+            }),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Date),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Time),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Timestamp),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Timestamptz),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::TimestampNs),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::TimestamptzNs),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::String),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Uuid),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Fixed(16)),
+            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Binary),
+            Type::Variant(VariantType),
+        ] {
+            let schema = Schema::builder()
+                .with_fields(vec![
+                    NestedField::required(0, "id", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                    NestedField::optional(1, "data", test_type.clone()).into(),
+                ])
+                .build()
+                .unwrap();
+            let expected = Schema::builder()
+                .with_fields(vec![
+                    NestedField::required(11, "id", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                    NestedField::optional(12, "data", test_type).into(),
+                ])
+                .build()
+                .unwrap();
+
+            let assigned = assign_fresh_ids(schema, &empty_schema(), 11).unwrap();
+
+            assert_eq!(assigned.as_struct(), expected.as_struct());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_assign_fresh_ids_reuses_full_names_and_assigns_new_ids_in_correct_order() {
+        let base = Schema::builder()
+            .with_fields(vec![
+                NestedField::required(
+                    1,
+                    "nested",
+                    Type::Struct(StructType::new(vec![
+                        NestedField::optional(2, "a", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                    ])),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::optional(
+                    3,
+                    "items",
+                    Type::List(ListType::new(
+                        NestedField::list_element(4, Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::String), false)
+                            .into(),
+                    )),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::optional(
+                    5,
+                    "properties",
+                    Type::Map(MapType::optional(
+                        6,
+                        Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::String),
+                        7,
+                        Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Long),
+                    )),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::required(8, "x", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Long)).into(),
+                NestedField::optional(9, "dropped", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+            ])
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+        let replacement = Schema::builder()
+            .with_schema_id(1)
+            .with_identifier_field_ids([18])
+            .with_alias(BiHashMap::from_iter([("a_alias".to_string(), 12)]))
+            .with_fields(vec![
+                NestedField::required(
+                    10,
+                    "nested",
+                    Type::Struct(StructType::new(vec![
+                        NestedField::optional(11, "b", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                        NestedField::optional(12, "a", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+                    ])),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::optional(
+                    13,
+                    "items",
+                    Type::List(ListType::new(
+                        NestedField::list_element(
+                            14,
+                            Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::String),
+                            false,
+                        )
+                        .into(),
+                    )),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::optional(
+                    15,
+                    "properties",
+                    Type::Map(MapType::optional(
+                        16,
+                        Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::String),
+                        17,
+                        Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Long),
+                    )),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::required(18, "x", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Long)).into(),
+                NestedField::optional(19, "z", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+            ])
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let assigned = assign_fresh_ids(replacement, &base, 10).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(assigned.schema_id(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("nested").unwrap().id, 1);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("nested.a").unwrap().id, 2);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("items").unwrap().id, 3);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("items.element").unwrap().id, 4);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("properties").unwrap().id, 5);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("properties.key").unwrap().id, 6);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("properties.value").unwrap().id, 7);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("x").unwrap().id, 8);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("z").unwrap().id, 10);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("nested.b").unwrap().id, 11);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.identifier_field_ids().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![8]);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_alias("a_alias").unwrap().id, 2);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.highest_field_id(), 11);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_assign_fresh_ids_assigns_map_ids_before_nested_types() {
+        let schema = Schema::builder()
+            .with_fields(vec![
+                NestedField::required(
+                    1,
+                    "map",
+                    Type::Map(MapType::required(
+                        2,
+                        Type::Struct(StructType::new(vec![
+                            NestedField::required(
+                                3,
+                                "key_nested",
+                                Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int),
+                            )
+                            .into(),
+                        ])),
+                        4,
+                        Type::Struct(StructType::new(vec![
+                            NestedField::required(
+                                5,
+                                "value_nested",
+                                Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int),
+                            )
+                            .into(),
+                        ])),
+                    )),
+                )
+                .into(),
+                NestedField::required(6, "tail", Type::Primitive(PrimitiveType::Int)).into(),
+            ])
+            .build()
+            .unwrap();
+
+        let assigned = assign_fresh_ids(schema, &empty_schema(), 11).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("map").unwrap().id, 11);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("tail").unwrap().id, 12);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("map.key").unwrap().id, 13);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("map.value").unwrap().id, 14);
+        assert_eq!(assigned.field_by_name("map.key.key_nested").unwrap().id, 15);
+        assert_eq!(
+            assigned.field_by_name("map.value.value_nested").unwrap().id,
+            16
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/mod.rs b/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/mod.rs
index 652f98b649..63d66f5635 100644
--- a/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/iceberg/src/spec/schema/mod.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ mod utils;
 mod visitor;
 pub use self::visitor::*;
 pub(super) mod _serde;
+// TODO: Use for table replacement in https://github.com/apache/iceberg-rust/issues/3056.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub(crate) mod assign_fresh_ids;
 mod id_reassigner;
 mod index;
 mod prune_columns;