[FLINK-39695][table] Outer join on nested field fails with conversion to relational algebra failed to preserve datatypes

[snuyanzin]

What is the purpose of the change

The PR is a prerequisite for #28066
especially for this comment #28066 (comment)

Brief change log

The issue was fixed in Calcite 1.39.0
where it was allowed to nullify CALCITE-6764
it is ported here

Verifying this change

Existing tests also added several more semantic tests

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): ( no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): ( no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no )

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not applicable)

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Was generative AI tooling used to co-author this PR?

• Yes (please specify the tool below)

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 50e0244 Azure: SUCCESS

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[twalthr]

LGTM, thanks @snuyanzin

[snuyanzin]

resolved small conflicts and rebased