diff --git a/graph/src/graph/graph.rs b/graph/src/graph/graph.rs
index a8adb1f9..286a60e2 100644
--- a/graph/src/graph/graph.rs
+++ b/graph/src/graph/graph.rs
@@ -263,6 +263,8 @@ pub struct Graph {
     cache: Arc<Mutex<LruCache<String, PlanTree>>>,
     /// Version counter (incremented on each write transaction)
     pub version: u64,
+    /// Schema version (incremented only on schema changes: new labels, relationship types, or attributes)
+    pub schema_version: u64,
 }
 
 /// Wrapper for plan trees to implement Send+Sync.
@@ -440,6 +442,7 @@ impl Graph {
                 NonZeroUsize::new(cache_size.max(1)).expect("cache_size.max(1) is always >= 1"),
             ))),
             version,
+            schema_version: 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -476,6 +479,7 @@ impl Graph {
             relationship_types: self.relationship_types.clone(),
             cache: self.cache.clone(),
             version: self.version + 1,
+            schema_version: self.schema_version,
         }
     }
 
@@ -611,6 +615,29 @@ impl Graph {
             .map(TypeId)
     }
 
+    /// Get-or-create a relationship type by name, returning its `TypeId`.
+    pub fn get_type_id_mut(
+        &mut self,
+        relationship_type: &str,
+    ) -> TypeId {
+        if let Some(pos) = self
+            .relationship_types
+            .iter()
+            .position(|t| t.as_str() == relationship_type)
+            .map(TypeId)
+        {
+            return pos;
+        }
+
+        self.relationship_types
+            .push(Arc::new(relationship_type.to_string()));
+        self.relationship_matrices.insert(
+            self.relationship_types.len() - 1,
+            Tensor::new(self.node_cap, self.node_cap),
+        );
+        TypeId(self.relationship_types.len() - 1)
+    }
+
     pub fn get_plan(
         &self,
         query: &str,
@@ -782,6 +809,10 @@ impl Graph {
         NodeId(self.node_count + self.reserved_node_count - 1)
     }
 
+    pub const fn inc_reserved_node_count(&mut self) {
+        self.reserved_node_count += 1;
+    }
+
     pub fn reserve_nodes(
         &mut self,
         count: usize,
@@ -832,6 +863,14 @@ impl Graph {
         self.node_count + self.deleted_nodes.len() - 1
     }
 
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn max_relationship_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        if self.relationship_count == 0 {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        self.relationship_count + self.deleted_relationships.len() - 1
+    }
+
     pub fn set_nodes_attributes(
         &mut self,
         attrs: &HashMap<u64, OrderMap<Arc<String>, Value>>,
@@ -1095,6 +1134,10 @@ impl Graph {
         self.node_attrs.get_attr_by_idx(id.0, attr_idx)
     }
 
+    pub const fn inc_reserved_relationship_count(&mut self) {
+        self.reserved_relationship_count += 1;
+    }
+
     pub fn reserve_relationship(&mut self) -> RelationshipId {
         if self.reserved_relationship_count < self.deleted_relationships.len() {
             let id = self
@@ -1402,21 +1445,30 @@ impl Graph {
         self.relationship_attrs.get_attr(id.0, attr)
     }
 
+    fn resize_node_matrices(&mut self) {
+        self.adjacancy_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
+        self.node_labels_matrix
+            .resize(self.node_cap, self.labels_matices.len() as u64);
+        self.all_nodes_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
+        for label_matrix in &mut self.labels_matices {
+            label_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
+        }
+        for relationship_matrix in &mut self.relationship_matrices {
+            relationship_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn resize_relationship_matrices(&mut self) {
+        self.relationship_type_matrix
+            .resize(self.relationship_cap, self.relationship_types.len() as u64);
+    }
+
     fn resize(&mut self) {
         if self.node_count > self.node_cap {
             while self.node_count > self.node_cap {
                 self.node_cap *= 2;
             }
-            self.adjacancy_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
-            self.node_labels_matrix
-                .resize(self.node_cap, self.labels_matices.len() as u64);
-            self.all_nodes_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
-            for label_matrix in &mut self.labels_matices {
-                label_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
-            }
-            for relationship_matrix in &mut self.relationship_matrices {
-                relationship_matrix.resize(self.node_cap, self.node_cap);
-            }
+            self.resize_node_matrices();
         }
 
         if self.labels_matices.len() as u64 > self.node_labels_matrix.ncols() {
@@ -1428,8 +1480,7 @@ impl Graph {
             while self.relationship_count > self.relationship_cap {
                 self.relationship_cap *= 2;
             }
-            self.relationship_type_matrix
-                .resize(self.relationship_cap, self.relationship_types.len() as u64);
+            self.resize_relationship_matrices();
         }
 
         if self.relationship_types.len() as u64 > self.relationship_type_matrix.ncols() {
@@ -1877,4 +1928,144 @@ impl Graph {
         }
         sz
     }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn deleted_nodes_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.deleted_nodes.len()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn deleted_relationships_count(&self) -> u64 {
+        self.deleted_relationships.len()
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn deleted_relationships(&self) -> &RoaringTreemap {
+        &self.deleted_relationships
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn label_matrices(&self) -> &[VersionedMatrix] {
+        &self.labels_matices
+    }
+
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn relationship_tensors(&self) -> &[Tensor] {
+        &self.relationship_matrices
+    }
+
+    /// Synchronously create an index (without spawning background population).
+    pub fn create_index_sync(
+        &mut self,
+        index_type: &IndexType,
+        entity_type: &EntityType,
+        label: &Arc<String>,
+        attrs: &Vec<Arc<String>>,
+        options: Option<IndexOptions>,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        match entity_type {
+            EntityType::Node => {
+                let len = self.get_label_matrix_mut(label).nvals();
+                self.node_indexer
+                    .create_index(index_type, label, attrs, len, options)?;
+            }
+            EntityType::Relationship => {}
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Synchronously populate all pending indexes.
+    /// Used after RDB load when the graph is fully constructed.
+    pub fn populate_indexes_sync(&mut self) {
+        let fields_by_label = self.node_indexer.get_all_pending_fields();
+        for (label, attrs) in fields_by_label {
+            if let Some(lm) = self.get_label_matrix(&label) {
+                let resolved_attrs: Vec<(u16, Vec<_>)> = attrs
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|(attr, fields)| {
+                        self.get_node_attribute_id(attr)
+                            .map(|idx| (idx as u16, fields.clone()))
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+
+                let mut batch = Vec::new();
+                for (n, _) in lm.iter(0, u64::MAX) {
+                    let mut doc = Document::new(n);
+                    let mut has_fields = false;
+                    for (attr_idx, fields) in &resolved_attrs {
+                        let value = self.get_node_attribute_by_idx(NodeId(n), *attr_idx);
+                        if let Some(value) = value {
+                            for field in fields {
+                                doc.set(field, &value);
+                            }
+                            has_fields = true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if has_fields {
+                        batch.push(doc);
+                    }
+                }
+                if !batch.is_empty() {
+                    let mut add_docs = HashMap::new();
+                    add_docs.insert(label.clone(), batch);
+                    self.node_indexer.commit(&mut add_docs, &mut HashMap::new());
+                }
+                self.node_indexer.enable(&label);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get node attribute names.
+    pub fn get_node_attribute_names(&self) -> Vec<Arc<String>> {
+        self.node_attrs.attrs_name.iter().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Get relationship attribute names.
+    pub fn get_relationship_attribute_names(&self) -> Vec<Arc<String>> {
+        self.relationship_attrs.attrs_name.iter().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Register a node attribute name (get-or-create).
+    pub fn add_node_attribute_name(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) {
+        let arc = Arc::new(name.to_string());
+        if self.node_attrs.attrs_name.get_index_of(&arc).is_none() {
+            self.node_attrs.attrs_name.insert(arc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Register a relationship attribute name (get-or-create).
+    pub fn add_rel_attribute_name(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+    ) {
+        let arc = Arc::new(name.to_string());
+        if self
+            .relationship_attrs
+            .attrs_name
+            .get_index_of(&arc)
+            .is_none()
+        {
+            self.relationship_attrs.attrs_name.insert(arc);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Build the unified global attribute list (node attrs ∪ relationship attrs, in order).
+    pub fn build_global_attrs(&self) -> Vec<Arc<String>> {
+        let mut attrs = Vec::new();
+        let mut seen = std::collections::HashSet::new();
+        for name in self.node_attrs.attrs_name.iter() {
+            if seen.insert(name.clone()) {
+                attrs.push(name.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        for name in self.relationship_attrs.attrs_name.iter() {
+            if seen.insert(name.clone()) {
+                attrs.push(name.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        attrs
+    }
 }
diff --git a/graph/src/graph/mvcc_graph.rs b/graph/src/graph/mvcc_graph.rs
index f0960455..69cb2ac0 100644
--- a/graph/src/graph/mvcc_graph.rs
+++ b/graph/src/graph/mvcc_graph.rs
@@ -89,6 +89,16 @@ impl MvccGraph {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Create an `MvccGraph` from an already-constructed `Graph`.
+    /// Used by the RDB load path.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_graph(graph: Graph) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            graph: Arc::new(AtomicRefCell::new(graph)),
+            write: AtomicBool::new(false),
+        }
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn read(&self) -> Arc<AtomicRefCell<Graph>> {
         self.graph.clone()
@@ -114,6 +124,28 @@ impl MvccGraph {
         new_graph: Arc<AtomicRefCell<Graph>>,
     ) {
         debug_assert_eq!(self.graph.borrow().version + 1, new_graph.borrow().version);
+
+        // Check if schema changed (new labels, relationship types, or attributes)
+        let old_labels = self.graph.borrow().get_labels().len();
+        let old_types = self.graph.borrow().get_types().len();
+        let old_node_attrs = self.graph.borrow().get_node_attribute_names().len();
+        let old_rel_attrs = self.graph.borrow().get_relationship_attribute_names().len();
+
+        let new_labels = new_graph.borrow().get_labels().len();
+        let new_types = new_graph.borrow().get_types().len();
+        let new_node_attrs = new_graph.borrow().get_node_attribute_names().len();
+        let new_rel_attrs = new_graph.borrow().get_relationship_attribute_names().len();
+
+        // If schema changed, ensure schema_version is incremented
+        if (old_labels != new_labels
+            || old_types != new_types
+            || old_node_attrs != new_node_attrs
+            || old_rel_attrs != new_rel_attrs)
+            && new_graph.borrow().schema_version == self.graph.borrow().schema_version
+        {
+            new_graph.borrow_mut().schema_version += 1;
+        }
+
         new_graph.borrow_mut().set_indexer_graph(new_graph.clone());
         self.graph = new_graph;
         self.write.store(false, Ordering::Release);
diff --git a/graph/src/index/indexer.rs b/graph/src/index/indexer.rs
index 6af0b822..ba2b76b1 100644
--- a/graph/src/index/indexer.rs
+++ b/graph/src/index/indexer.rs
@@ -439,6 +439,19 @@ impl Indexer {
             .unwrap_or_default()
     }
 
+    /// Get fields for all labels with pending population.
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn get_all_pending_fields(
+        &self
+    ) -> Vec<(Arc<String>, HashMap<Arc<String>, Vec<Arc<Field>>>)> {
+        self.index
+            .read()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(_, index)| index.pending_count() > 0)
+            .map(|(label, index)| (label.clone(), index.fields().clone()))
+            .collect()
+    }
+
     #[must_use]
     pub fn index_info(&self) -> Vec<IndexInfo> {
         self.index